Emily explains the strengths, weaknesses, and ways to interpret observational studies. These types of studies can be useful for identifying links between things, and then generating hypotheses. However, the results of any observational study are strictly corollary, and do not prove cause.

A research-rating system has identified gaps in studies that assess the connection between diet and various health risks.

In this next video, BSI's Emily Kaplan explains all-cause mortality, and how it should be included when considering any medical treatment.

While placebos are meant to be benign, drug companies frequently use “active” placebos, meant to mimic the side effects of the real drug. The specifics of the placebos are rarely disclosed, and their effects may decrease the reliability of trial data.

In this video Emily explains all-cause mortality, and how it impacts decision making for medical intervention.

In this video, Emily explains how to understand medical tests. She dives into both sensitivity and specificity of testing.

In this next part, Emily breaks down the difference between induction and deduction.