Simply put, a p-value is a measure of the likelihood that the results of a study are due to the hypothesis, and not simply a result of chance. It compares the “null hypothesis,” the idea that the thing being studied has no effect, vs the “alternative hypothesis,” the thing being tested. So if the p-value is low, the data is thought to be significant. However, the p-value does not validate the effectiveness of the thing being studied, it simply claims to shows that the results were not due to chance.

Frighteningly, scientists, researchers, and medical professionals misinterpret the meaning of p-values but place extreme faith in them.

The p value plays into the human need for certainty and has led to the reproducibility crisis in may fields. Some researchers want to tweak the system of analysis, while others want to overhaul it.

In this edition Malcolm explains how study results can be carefully worded, to imply results that are actually contrary to data.

On his podcast, Emily and Dr. Drew talked at length about the overuse of statins to treat coronary heart disease.

After a diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Journalist Neil Barsky initially followed his doctors advice and began insulin injections. He also did his own research and found a community already aware of the root of the problem. After cutting out the carbs, he dropped his A1C, got off medications, and now considers himself cured.

Emily explains the strengths, weaknesses, and ways to interpret observational studies. These types of studies can be useful for identifying links between things, and then generating hypotheses. However, the results of any observational study are strictly corollary, and do not prove cause.

In this next video, BSI's Emily Kaplan explains all-cause mortality, and how it should be included when considering any medical treatment.

In this video, Emily explains how to understand medical tests. She dives into both sensitivity and specificity of testing.

The Wall Street Journal is catching on to the problems with peer review. Retractions continue to rise, with several high-profile pieces having been pulled in the last year.